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1 Introduction. 2 Discussion. 2.1 Why Kojin Karatani Switched from Modes of Production to Modes of Exchange. 2.2 Historical Materialism and the focus on Modes of Production Originated from Engels, not Marx. 2.3 The Gift Economy as a Mode of Exchange. 2.4 The Submission for Protection as a Mode of Exhange. 2.5 Capitalism as a Mode of Exchange.
Description. "Agriculturalism, also known as the School of Agrarianism, the School of Agronomists, the School of Tillers, and in Chinese as the Nongjia, was an early agrarian Chinese philosophy that advocated peasant utopian communalism and egalitarianism. [1] The Agriculturalists believed that Chinese society should be modeled around that of ...
- Definition
- Related Definitions
- History
- Benefits
- Typology
- Examples
- Discussion: Specific Difficulties of Open Hardware
- Open Design
- More Information
Please note: "Is it "open hardware" or "open source hardware?" This distinction is still under discussion. The term open source corresponds directly to programmatic source code, which holds true for hardware designs described in languages like Verilog hardware description language (HDL), but not for designs that may be described only in computer-ai...
Graham Seaman: "* Free Hardware Designrefers to a design which can be freely copied, distributed, modified, and manufactured. It does not imply that the design cannot also be sold, or that any hardware implementation of the design will be free of cost. All the same arguments about the meaning of 'freedom' between supporters of the Free Software Fou...
1. "Von Hippel observes that open-source hardware actually predates open-source software by centuries: people have always shared blueprints and sketches for such things as furniture and machinery. But the visibility of the open-source-software community "has created a new awareness of what has long been the historical practice in hardware," he says...
Summary on Why Open Hardware? By Patrick McNamara, Open Hardware Foundation, at http://www.osbr.ca/archive.php?issue=10§ion=Ar#A4: Lourens Veen who is on the board of directors for the Open Hardware Foundation or OHF summarized the answer to this question as follows: "Essentially, this is a problem of freedom. We users want to be free to use th...
Four Categories of Openness
Patrick McNamara, Open Hardware Foundation, at http://www.osbr.ca/archive.php?issue=10§ion=Ar#A4: "I believe hardware can be loosely placed into four categories of openness. They are, in order of least to most open: Closed, Open Interface, Open Design, and Open Implementation. Closed: Closed Hardwareis any hardware for which the creator of the hardware will not release information on how to make normal use of the hardware, in such a way that that information may be freely shared with othe...
Differences between open hardware, free hardware, open hardware design
By Graham Seaman, at http://opencollector.org/Whyfree/open_hardware.html "Many of the arguments over free hardware design consist of people from software and hardware backgrounds talking at cross-purposes. One cause of this is the simple fact that the word `software' refers both to source code and executables, while the words `hardware' and `hardware design' clearly refer to two different things. Using the word `hardware' as short-hand for both design and physical object is a recipe for confu...
Three-stage Roadmap for Implementation
Jamil Kathib: "The OpenHW road map can be divided into three main stages. If we can follow these stages we will have new industrial and technological revolution. Simple prototyping boards: A set of small generic prototyping boards can be designed to test small IP cores. The designers will use the available free tools which give lot of feedback to the EDA developers. Advanced boards and IP Cores: Designers will publish OpenHW cores and OpenSource software for the boards. The boards will be muc...
This directory of projects is maintained in our entry on Product Hacking 1. Arduino, an open-source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use hardware and software. 2. Aurora Mixer, an open-source (hardware and software) usb powered multichannel mixer. 3. Bug Labs, a programmable hardware device, The Bug, run on open source so...
Problems and solutions of OpenHW
"There are many problems facing designers and prevent them from following the OpenHW methodology. Cost of EDA tools: individuals can not afford commercial EDA tools. This makes OpenSW developers start developing free EDA tools such as gEDA and Alliance which enables OpenHW designers to work at home. Cost of manufacture: HW manufacturing is relatively expensive, so OpenHW designers can use simulation or programmable logic devices to check their designs. Design protection: no one in the world l...
Pro: Graham Seaman
By Graham Seaman, at http://opencollector.org/Whyfree/open_hardware.html An important comment about the difficulty of developping it, as compared to open source: "At first blush, the open source model doesn't necessarily seem like a good fit for physical objects. The reason comes down to replication: with open source software, I can give you a copy of (for example) Firefox without losing my own. With open source hardware, at present the best I can give you a copy of the instructions as to how...
Pro
From http://w:ww.rowetel.com/blog/?p=14 "1. I think open software has been a good thing for the world, so I think open hardware is also good. 2. If closed IP makes a small amount of people a lot of money - does opening the IP make a moderate amount of money for a large amount of people?The latter seems a better outcome to me. It also suggests that open hardware benefits small companies more than large ones. 3. I think the specific benefit of open hardware is lower R&D costs. This is what is h...
From the Wikipedia article at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_design "Open Design is a term that applies to the investigation and potential of open source and the collaborative nature of the internet to create physical objects. People apply their skills and time to projects for the common good, perhaps where funding or commercial interest is lack...
Articles
Trend review article by MIT's Technology Review at http://www.technologyreview.com/article/21495/ 1. Free Software and Free Hardware Designs, at http://opencollector.org/Whyfree/whyfree.html: Graham Seaman explains why hardware design should be as free as software code. 2. Free Hardware Design - Past, Present, Future, at http://opencollector.org/Whyfree/freedesign.html 3. Richard Stallman, on Free Hardware, at http://www.linuxtoday.com/news_story.php3?ltsn=1999-06-22-005-05-NW-LF 4. Business...
Associations
1. Open Design Foundation 2. Open Hardware Foundation
Reference Sites
1. Appropedia 2. Instructables 3. Open Circuits, a wiki for sharing open source electronics knowledge, schematics, board layouts, ports and parts libraries 4. Open Cores, a loose collection of people who are interested in developing hardware, with a similar ethos to the free software movement" 5. Open Sustainability Network and its Standarrdblog 6. TaskForge
1. Greg Rader: "I want to introduce the term "asymmetric accounting" to describe systems that record and track the provision of value rather than the volume of money transacted. Asymmetric accounting mechanisms are congruous with the reality that freely given advice or knowledge can be just as valuable as purchased knowledge.
2024年3月5日 · San Pisith is a Buddhist Monk and an Early Stage Researcher at Ragnar Nurkse Department of Innovation and Governance. He has joined the Cosmolocalism project since September 2019 to pursue a Ph.D. at TalTech, Estonia. His Ph.D. thesis focuses on Buddhist Economics, Buddhist Governance, Commons, and Happiness and Public Purpose.
Xinchejian Hackerspace Shanghai - P2P Foundation. Description. Emily Parker: "Xinchejian, founded in 2010, means "new workshop." It occupies a rented room in a Shanghai warehouse. Members pay around $16 a month to use the space and tools, and on Wednesday nights it is open to the public.
* Chapter: The Well-Field System in Relation to the Asiatic Mode of Production. By Zhao Lisheng; in the Book: The Asiatic Mode of Production in China. Routledge ...
