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Country calling codes, country dial-in codes, international subscriber dialing (ISD) codes, or most commonly, telephone country codes are telephone number prefixes for reaching telephone subscribers in foreign countries or areas via international telecommunication networks.
A map of Europe, with ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes in place of the full names of countries and other territories. 'Exceptional reservations' codes CQ, EU and UK are not shown. ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are two-letter country codes defined in ISO 3166-1, part of the ISO 3166 standard [1] published by the International Organization for Standardization ...
- General Overview
- History
- Main Camp
- Satellite Camps and Sub-Camps
- Liberation
- After Liberation
- List of Personnel
- Memorial
- In Media
- See Also
Dachau served as a prototype and model for the other German concentration camps that followed. Almost every community in Germany had members taken away to these camps. Newspapers continually reported "the removal of the enemies of the Reich to concentration camps." As early as 1935, a jingle went around: "Lieber Herr Gott, mach mich stumm, Das ich ...
Establishment
After the takeover of Bavaria on 9 March 1933, Heinrich Himmler, then Chief of Police in Munich, began to speak with the administration of an unused gunpowder and munitions factory. He toured the site to see if it could be used for quartering protective-custody prisoners. The concentration camp at Dachau was opened 22 March 1933, with the arrival of about 200 prisoners from Stadelheim Prison in Munich and the Landsberg fortress (where Hitler had written Mein Kampf during his imprisonment). Hi...
First deaths 1933: Investigation
Shortly after the SS was commissioned to supplement the Bavarian police overseeing the Dachau camp, the first reports of prisoner deaths at Dachau began to emerge. In April 1933, Josef Hartinger, an official from the Bavarian Justice Ministry and physician Moritz Flamm, part-time medical examiner, arrived at the camp to investigate the deaths in accordance with the Bavarian penal code. They noted many inconsistencies between the injuries on the corpses and the camp guards' accounts of the dea...
Forced labor
The prisoners of Dachau concentration camp originally were to serve as forced labor for a munition factory, and to expand the camp. It was used as a training center for the SS-Totenkopfverbände guards and was a model for other concentration camps. The camp was about 300 m × 600 m (1,000 ft × 2,000 ft) in rectangular shape. The prisoners' entrance was secured by an iron gate with the motto "Arbeit macht frei" ("Work will make you free"). This reflected Nazi propaganda, which had concentration...
Purpose
Dachau was opened in March 1933.The press statement given at the opening stated: Whatever the publicly stated purpose of the camp, the SS men who arrived there on 11 May 1933 were left in no illusion as to its real purpose by the speech given on that day by Johann-Erasmus Freiherr von Malsen-Ponickau Between the years 1933 and 1945, more than 3.5 million Germans were imprisoned in such concentration camps or prison for political reasons. Approximately 77,000 Germans were killed for one or ano...
Organization
The camp was divided into two sections: the camp area and the crematorium. The camp area consisted of 32 barracks, including one for clergy imprisoned for opposing the Nazi regime and one reserved for medical experiments. The courtyard between the prison and the central kitchen was used for the summary executionof prisoners. The camp was surrounded by an electrified barbed-wire fence, a ditch, and a wall with seven guard towers. In early 1937, the SS, using prisoner labor, initiated construct...
Medical experimentation
Hundreds of prisoners suffered and died, or were executed, in medical experiments conducted at KZ Dachau, of which Sigmund Rascher was in charge. Hypothermia experiments involved exposure to vats of icy water or being strapped down naked outdoors in freezing temperatures. Attempts at reviving the subjects included scalding baths, and forcing naked women to have sexual intercourse with the unconscious victim. Nearly 100 prisoners died during these experiments. The original records of the exper...
Satellite camps under the authority of Dachau were established in the summer and autumn of 1944 near armaments factories throughout southern Germany to increase war production. Dachau alone had more than 30 large subcamps, and hundreds of smaller ones,in which over 30,000 prisoners worked almost exclusively on armaments. Overall, the Dachau concent...
Main camp
As the Allies began to advance on Nazi Germany, the SS began to evacuate the first concentration camps in summer 1944.Thousands of prisoners were killed before the evacuation due to being ill or unable to walk. At the end of 1944, the overcrowding of camps began to take its toll on the prisoners. The unhygienic conditions and the supplies of food rations became disastrous. In November a typhus fever epidemic broke out that took thousands of lives. In the second phase of the evacuation, in Apr...
Satellite camps liberation
The first Dachau subcamp discovered by advancing Allied forces was Kaufering IV by the 12th Armored Division on 27 April 1945. Subcamps liberated by the 12th Armored Division included: Erpting, Schrobenhausen, Schwabing, Langerringen, Türkheim, Lauingen, Schwabach, Germering. During the liberation of the sub-camps surrounding Dachau, advance scouts of the U.S. Army's 522nd Field Artillery Battalion, a segregated battalion consisting of Nisei, 2nd generation Japanese-Americans, liberated the 3...
Killing of camp guards
American troops killed some of the camp guards after they had surrendered. The number is disputed, as some were killed in combat, some while attempting to surrender, and others after their surrender was accepted. In 1989, Brigadier General Felix L. Sparks, the Colonel in command of a battalion that was present, stated: An Inspector General report resulting from a US Army investigation conducted between 3 and 8 May 1945—titled "American Army Investigation of Alleged Mistreatment of German Guar...
Authorities worked night and day to alleviate conditions at the camp immediately following the liberation as an epidemic of black typhus swept through the prisoner population. Two thousand cases had already been reported by 3 May. By October 1945, the former camp was being used by the U.S. Army as a place of confinement for war criminals, the SS an...
Commandants
1. SS-Standartenführer Hilmar Wäckerle(22 March 1933 – 26 June 1933) 2. SS-Gruppenführer Theodor Eicke(26 June 1933 – 4 July 1934) 3. SS-Oberführer Alexander Reiner[de](4 July 1934 – 22 October 1934) 4. SS-Brigadeführer Berthold Maack(22 October 1934 – 12 January 1935) 5. SS-Oberführer Heinrich Deubel(12 January 1935 – 31 March 1936) 6. SS-Oberführer Hans Loritz(31 March 1936 – 7 January 1939) 7. SS-Hauptsturmführer Alexander Piorkowski(7 January 1939 – 2 January 1942) 8. SS-Obersturmbannführ...
Other staff
1. Adolf Eichmann(29 January 1934 – October 1934) 2. Rudolf Höss(1934–1938) 3. Max Kögel(1937–1938) 4. SS-Untersturmführer Hans Steinbrenner(1905–1964), brutal guard who greeted new arrivals with his improvized "Welcome Ceremony". 5. SS-Obergruppenführer Gerhard Freiherr von Almey, half-brother of Ludolf von Alvensleben. Executed in 1955, in Moscow. 6. Johannes Heesters(visited the camp and entertained the SS-officers, was also given/giving tours) 7. Otto Rahn(1937) 8. SS-Untersturmführer Joh...
SS and civilian doctors
1. Dr. Werner Nuernbergk– First camp doctor, escaped charges for falsifying death certificates in 1933 1. SS-Untersturmführer Dr. Hans Eisele – (13 March 1912 – 1967) – Sentenced to death, but reprieved and released in 1952. Fled to Egyptafter new accusations in 1958. 2. SS-Obersturmführer Dr. Fritz Hintermayer – (28 Oct 1911 – 29 May 1946) – Executed by the Allies 3. Dr. Ernst Holzlöhner– (Committed suicide) 4. SS-Hauptsturmführer Dr. Fridolin Karl Puhr– (30 April 1913 – ?) – Sentenced to de...
Between 1945 and 1948 when the camp was handed over to the Bavarian authorities, many accused war criminals and members of the SS were imprisoned at the camp. Owing to the severe refugee crisis mainly caused by the expulsions of ethnic Germans, the camp was used from late 1948 to house 2000 Germans from Czechoslovakia (mainly from the Sudetenland)....
In his 2013 autobiography, Moose: Chapters from My Life, in the chapter entitled, "Dachau", author Robert B. Shermanchronicles his experiences as an American Army serviceman during the initial hour...In Lewis Black's first book, Nothing's Sacred, he mentions visiting the camp as part of his tour of Europe and how it looked all cleaned up and spiffy, "like some delightful holiday camp", and only...In Maus, Vladek describes his time interned at Dachau, among his time at other concentration camps. He describes the journey to Dachau in over-crowded trains, trading rations for other goods and fa...Ultra Rumble (2023) Anime and manga portal. My Hero Academia (Japanese: 僕のヒーローアカデミア, Hepburn: Boku no Hīrō Akademia) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Kōhei Horikoshi.
Macau [e] or Macao [f] is a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China.With a population of about 710,000 people [11] and a land area of 32.9 km 2 (12.7 sq mi), it is the most densely populated region in the world. Formerly a Portuguese colony, the territory of Portuguese Macau was first leased to Portugal by the Ming dynasty as a trading post in 1557.
Plot. A gang of bandits led by Calvera periodically raids a poor Mexican village for food and supplies. After the latest raid, during which Calvera kills a villager, the village leaders decide to fight back. They send three villagers carrying their few objects of value to try and barter for weapons.
At roughly 17,544,500 acres (71,000 km 2; 27,413 sq mi), the Navajo Nation is the largest Indian reservation in the United States, exceeding that of ten U.S. states. It is one of the few reservations whose lands overlap the nation's traditional homelands.
