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e. In statistics, linear regression is a statistical model which estimates the linear relationship between a scalar response and one or more explanatory variables (also known as dependent and independent variables ). The case of one explanatory variable is called simple linear regression; for more than one, the process is called multiple linear ...
Pearson correlation coefficient. Several sets of ( x , y) points, with the correlation coefficient of x and y for each set. The correlation reflects the strength and direction of a linear relationship (top row), but not the slope of that relationship (middle), nor many aspects of nonlinear relationships (bottom).
Example of samples from two populations with the same mean but different variances. The red population has mean 100 and variance 100 (SD=10) while the blue population has mean 100 and variance 2500 (SD=50) where SD stands for Standard Deviation. In probability theory and statistics, variance is the expected value of the squared deviation from the mean of a random variable.
- Definitions
- Interpretation
- Extensions
- Comparison with Norm of Residuals
- History
- See Also
- Further Reading
A data set has n values marked y1,...,yn (collectively known as yi or as a vector y = [y1,...,yn]T), each associated with a fitted (or modeled, or predicted) value f1,...,fn (known as fi, or sometimes ŷi, as a vector f). Define the residuals as ei = yi − fi (forming a vector e). If y ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {y}}} is the mean of the observed data: 1....
R2 is a measure of the goodness of fit of a model. In regression, the R2 coefficient of determination is a statistical measure of how well the regression predictions approximate the real data points. An R2of 1 indicates that the regression predictions perfectly fit the data. Values of R2 outside the range 0 to 1 occur when the model fits the data w...
Adjusted R2
The use of an adjusted R2 (one common notation is R ¯ 2 {\displaystyle {\bar {R}}^{2}} , pronounced "R bar squared"; another is R a 2 {\displaystyle R_{\text{a}}^{2}} or R adj 2 {\displaystyle R_{\text{adj}}^{2}} ) is an attempt to account for the phenomenon of the R2 automatically increasing when extra explanatory variables are added to the model. There are many different ways of adjusting. By far the most used one, to the point that it is typically just referred to as adjusted R, is the cor...
Coefficient of partial determination
The coefficient of partial determination can be defined as the proportion of variation that cannot be explained in a reduced model, but can be explained by the predictors specified in a full(er) model.This coefficient is used to provide insight into whether or not one or more additional predictors may be useful in a more fully specified regression model. The calculation for the partial R2 is relatively straightforward after estimating two models and generating the ANOVA tables for them. The c...
Generalizing and decomposing R2
As explained above, model selection heuristics such as the Adjusted R 2 {\displaystyle R^{2}} criterion and the F-test examine whether the total R 2 {\displaystyle R^{2}} sufficiently increases to determine if a new regressor should be added to the model. If a regressor is added to the model that is highly correlated with other regressors which have already been included, then the total R 2 {\displaystyle R^{2}} will hardly increase, even if the new regressor is of relevance. As a result, the...
Occasionally, the norm of residuals is used for indicating goodness of fit. This term is calculated as the square-root of the sum of squares of residuals: 1. norm of residuals = S S res = ‖ e ‖ . {\displaystyle {\text{norm of residuals}}={\sqrt {SS_{\text{res}}}}=\|e\|.} Both R2 and the norm of residuals have their relative merits. For least square...
The creation of the coefficient of determination has been attributed to the geneticist Sewall Wrightand was first published in 1921.
Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (hydrological applications)Gujarati, Damodar N.; Porter, Dawn C. (2009). Basic Econometrics (Fifth ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. pp. 73–78. ISBN 978-0-07-337577-9.Hughes, Ann; Grawoig, Dennis (1971). Statistics: A Foundation for Analysis. Reading: Addison-Wesley. pp. 344–348. ISBN 0-201-03021-7.Kmenta, Jan (1986). Elements of Econometrics (Second ed.). New York: Macmillan. pp. 240–243. ISBN 978-0-02-365070-3.Lewis-Beck, Michael S.; Skalaban, Andrew (1990). "The R-Squared: Some Straight Talk". Political Analysis. 2: 153–171. doi:10.1093/pan/2.1.153. JSTOR 23317769.History The distribution was first introduced by Siméon Denis Poisson (1781–1840) and published together with his probability theory in his work Recherches sur la probabilité des jugements en matière criminelle et en matière civile (1837).: 205-207 The work theorized about the number of wrongful convictions in a given country by focusing on certain random variables N that count, among ...
Binomial distribution for = with n and k as in Pascal's triangleThe probability that a ball in a Galton box with 8 layers (n = 8) ends up in the central bin (k = 4) is /. In probability theory and statistics, the binomial distribution with parameters n and p is the discrete probability distribution of the number of successes in a sequence of n independent experiments, each asking a yes–no ...
The Planck constant, or Planck's constant, denoted by , [1] is a fundamental physical constant [1] of foundational importance in quantum mechanics: a photon 's energy is equal to its frequency multiplied by the Planck constant, and the wavelength of a matter wave equals the Planck constant divided by the associated particle momentum.
