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TSMC. Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited ( TSMC; also called Taiwan Semiconductor) [4] [5] is a Taiwanese multinational semiconductor contract manufacturing and design company. It is the world's second most valuable semiconductor company, [6] the world's largest dedicated independent ("pure-play") semiconductor foundry, [7] and ...
- 73,090 (2022)
- US$73.67 billion (2022)
The Solar System is the gravitationally bound system of the Sun and the objects that orbit it. It was formed 4.6 billion years ago when a dense region of a molecular cloud collapsed, forming the Sun and a protoplanetary disc.The Sun is an ordinary main sequence star that maintains a balanced equilibrium by the fusion of hydrogen into helium at its core, releasing this energy from its outer ...
- 4.568 billion years
- Proxima Centauri system (4.2441 ly)
the free encyclopedia that anyone can edit. "Cross Road Blues" is a song written by the American blues artist Robert Johnson. He sang it as a solo piece with acoustic slide guitar in the Delta blues style. The lyrics describe Johnson's grief at being unable to catch a ride at an intersection before the sun sets.
On 3 April 2024, at 07:58:11 NST (23:58:11 UTC on 2 April), a Mw 7.4 earthquake struck 16 km (9.9 mi)[2] south-southwest of Hualien City, Hualien County, Taiwan. At least 18 people were killed and over 1,100 were injured in the earthquake. It is the strongest earthquake in Taiwan since the 1999 Jiji earthquake,[3] with three aftershocks above ...
- History
- Importance
- Simplified Operation
- Comparison with Vacuum Tubes
- Types
- Device Identification
- Construction
- External Links
The thermionic triode, a vacuum tube invented in 1907, enabled amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony. The triode, however, was a fragile device that consumed a substantial amount of power. In 1909, physicist William Eccles discovered the crystal diode oscillator. Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld filed a patent for a field-effect t...
Because transistors are the key active components in practically all modern electronics, many people consider them one of the 20th century's greatest inventions. The invention of the first transistor at Bell Labs was named an IEEE Milestone in 2009. Other Milestones include the inventions of the junction transistorin 1948 and the MOSFET in 1959. Th...
A transistor can use a small signal applied between one pair of its terminals to control a much larger signal at another pair of terminals, a property called gain. It can produce a stronger output signal, a voltage or current, proportional to a weaker input signal, acting as an amplifier. It can also be used as an electrically controlled switch, wh...
Before transistors were developed, vacuum (electron) tubes(or in the UK "thermionic valves" or just "valves") were the main active components in electronic equipment.
Classification
Transistors are categorized by 1. Structure: MOSFET (IGFET), BJT, JFET, insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), other types[which?]. 2. Semiconductor material (dopants): 2.1. The metalloids; germanium (first used in 1947) and silicon (first used in 1954)—in amorphous, polycrystalline and monocrystallineform. 2.2. The compounds gallium arsenide (1966) and silicon carbide(1997). 2.3. The alloy silicon-germanium(1989) 2.4. The allotrope of carbon graphene (research ongoing since 2004), etc. (s...
Mnemonics
Convenient mnemonic to remember the type of transistor (represented by an electrical symbol) involves the direction of the arrow. For the BJT, on an n-p-n transistor symbol, the arrow will "Not Point iN". On a p-n-p transistor symbol, the arrow "Points iN Proudly". However, this does not apply to MOSFET-based transistor symbols as the arrow is typically reversed (i.e. the arrow for the n-p-n points inside).
Field-effect transistor
The field-effect transistor, sometimes called a unipolar transistor, uses either electrons (in n-channel FET) or holes (in p-channel FET) for conduction. The four terminals of the FET are named source, gate, drain, and body (substrate). On most FETs, the body is connected to the source inside the package, and this will be assumed for the following description. In a FET, the drain-to-source current flows via a conducting channel that connects the source region to the drain region. The conducti...
Three major identification standards are used for designating transistor devices. In each, the alphanumeric prefix provides clues to the type of the device.
Semiconductor material
The first BJTs were made from germanium (Ge). Silicon (Si) types currently predominate but certain advanced microwave and high-performance versions now employ the compound semiconductor material gallium arsenide (GaAs) and the semiconductor alloy silicon-germanium (SiGe). Single-element semiconductor material (Ge and Si) is described as elemental. Rough parameters for the most common semiconductor materials used to make transistors are given in the adjacent table. These parameters will vary w...
Packaging
Discrete transistors can be individually packaged transistors or unpackaged transistor chips. Transistors come in many different semiconductor packages (see image). The two main categories are through-hole (or leaded), and surface-mount, also known as surface-mount device (SMD). The ball grid array (BGA) is the latest surface-mount package. It has solder "balls" on the underside in place of leads. Because they are smaller and have shorter interconnections, SMDs have better high-frequency char...
This Month in Physics History: November 17 to December 23, 1947: Invention of the First Transistor. From the American Physical SocietyEthiopia, [a] officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa region of East Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the Northeast, East and Southeast, Kenya to the South, South Sudan to the West, and Sudan to the Northwest.
A "Hello, World!" program is generally a simple computer program which outputs (or displays) to the screen (often the console) a message similar to "Hello, World!" while ignoring any user input. A small piece of code in most general-purpose programming languages, this program is used to illustrate a language's basic syntax. A "Hello, World ...
