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Affirmative action (also sometimes called reservations, alternative access, positive discrimination or positive action in various countries' laws and policies) [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] refers to a set of policies and practices within a government or organization seeking to benefit marginalized groups.
Affirmative action and other forms of selective employment are not banned. In the United States, affirmative action consists of government-mandated, government-approved, and voluntary private programs granting special consideration to groups considered or classified as historically excluded, specifically racial minorities and women.
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- Affirmative Action Policies
- Historical Precedents
- Influence on Chinese Society
- Notes
- Further Reading
No taxes in minority regions are required to be sent to the central government; all of it can be spent locally. Minorities receive proportional representation in local government. Higher-level jurisdictions ask lower-level minority areas to put forth "extensive efforts to support the country's construction by providing more natural resources" and i...
Fuk'anggan, a Manchu military leader, recommended for an increase in the quota for Hui people in the civil and military suishi examinations during a 1785 memorial from the governor of Gansu and Shaanxi provinces. Li Zonghan (C: 李宗瀚, P: Lǐ Zōnghàn, W: Li Tsung-han), the Hunan provincial education commissioner, requested a quota for Miao people candi...
The affirmative action of the Chinese government has been called into question of late, especially from the ethnic group of Han Chinese.[citation needed] Unfair policies on Chinese College entrance exams as well as human rights considered to be favoring the national minority have both been believed to be causing reverse discrimination in the mainla...
Elman, Benjamin A. A Cultural History of Civil Examinations in Late Imperial China. University of California Press, 2000. ISBN 052092147X, 9780520921474.Sautman, Barry. "Affirmative Action, Ethnic Minorities and China's Universities." (Archive) Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal. Pacific Rim Law & Policy Association, January 1998. Volume 7, No. 1. p....Leibold, James (La Trobe University). "THE CHONGQING INCIDENT:THE HAN NATIONALIST BACKLASH AGAINST PREFERENTIAL MINORITY EDUCATION IN CHINA" (Archive) Paper Presented at the 18th Biennial Conferenc...
- 优惠政策
- 優惠政策
- Preferential policy
The legal term "affirmative action" was first used in "Executive Order No. 10925", signed by President John F. Kennedy on 6 March 1961, which included a provision that government contractors "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and
Affirmative action is a set of practices that attempts to promote diversity in areas such as employment, education, and leadership, typically by reserving some positions for people of traditionally disadvantaged groups.
Schuette v. BAMN, 572 U.S. 291 (2014), was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States concerning affirmative action and race- and sex-based discrimination in public university admissions.
In 2023, the Supreme Court effectively overruled Grutter v. Bollinger in Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard and Students for Fair Admissions v. University of North Carolina, finding that affirmative action in student admissions violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
