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So according to Apple, the trend is getting better, but the bigger phones companies like Apple sell seem to offset some gains. Another independent study concluded that the iPhone 6s created 57% more CO2 than the iPhone 4s.
Description. Edward Hall: "Monochronic time (M-time) and polychronic time (P-time) represent two variant solutions to the use of both time and space as organizing frames for activities. Space is included because the two systems (time and space) are funtionally interrelated. M-time emphasises schedules, segmentation and promptness.
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- Definition
- Description
- Characteristics
- Typology
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- Key Books to Read
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"A quick search on Google Scholar confirms the pattern: from only 23 articles citing ‘co-creation’ in the 1970s, the 1980s delivered a paltry 102, the 1990s a more substantial 658, while the first 9 and a bit years of the 21st Century has already spawned an impressive 3,660."(http://www.promisecorp.com/blog/?p=116)
"Co-creation is a very broad term with a broad range of applications. We define co-creation as any act of collective creativity that is experienced jointly by two or more people. How is co-creation...Non-market Co-creation
Chris Lawer: "there is also a form of co-creation that is largely independent of markets, where individuals willingly come together to create and share self-generated information, knowledge and content independent of any mechanisms of market exchange. In The Wealth of Networks, Yochai Benkler explores the dimensions and potential of such non-market co-creation / collaboration in some depth. Making the distinction between the two types of co-creation primarily depends on how we define a market...
Chris Lawer: "In the following twelve statements, I develop a logic that concludes in a concise definition of “co-creation” and how firms may derive competitive advantage by facilitating co-created value. 1. Traditionally, customer value has been defined and differentiated by product quality (Features, Attributes and Benefits - the old Kotlerist FA...
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From the co-creation blog at http://www.co-creators.co.uk/?page_id=10 1. Value Co-creation: ATM Cash Machine, Airport Check-In More Complex Value Co-creation: "Truffle-tree.co.uk allows customers to adopt a truffle tree in France. Customers who adopt a tree (annual price £145 / $239 / €219 plus an annual maintenance fee) will either receive the truffles from “their” tree or can choose to pool their “harvest” with others to spread the risk of a low harvest. The experience of adopting, and bein...
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From Fronteer Strategy : "The four types of co-creation 1. Club of experts: A very specific challenge is needing expertise and breakthrough ideas. Contributors are found through a selection process. Quality of input is what counts (e.g. Nokia) 2. Crowd of people: Also known as Crowdsourcing. For any given challenge, there might be a person out there having a genial idea that should be given a podium. It’s the Rule of the big numbers (e.g.Threadless) 3. Coalition of parties: In complex situati...
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There is a graphic outlining six different ways that corporations are using Co-Creation at http://coinnovative.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Screen-shot-2010-04-17-at-12.58.40-PM.jpg See: the Co-Creation Landscape, by Jess Charlesworth Full entry has nice graphs and is accompanied by a link to a white paper. 1. Large corporations who engage with a community of advocates to co-create on an ongoing basis. (Lego Mindstorms) 2. Large corporations who call for agencies to submit ideas to the...
The economic phases up to co-creation, summarized by the Co-Creationblog. 1. Small Scale (Bespoke) Production Before the industrial revolution and the emergence of mass production in the mid 1800s production was small scale. Depending on the type of product, it would be made on a small scale or bespoke. 2. Mass production / Transactional Marketing ...
Some Issues with Co-Creation
"Being an emergent discipline co-creation is not only under-defined, it’s also fraught with self-promotion and unproven claims. We think that thinking about co-creation requires a greater focus on the processes, not just outputs. Our analysis highlights the following: 1. The over-reliance on technology platforms as the means of co-creative production. Offline and hybrid techniques receive less attention and are probably underutilised. 2. The centrality of the facilitator / facilitating organi...
The Five Guiding Principles of a Co-creation strategy
From Fronteer Strategy: "The five guiding principles in co-creation 1. Inspire participation: Trigger people to join your challenge: open up and show what’s in it for them (e.g. P&G Connect & Develop) 2. Select the very best: You need the best ideas and the best people to deal with today’s complex issues (e.g. Innocentive) 3. Connect creative minds: You have to enable bright people to build on each others ideas, both on- and off-line (e.g. Lego) 4. Share results: Giving back to people - and f...
Towards Customer-Centric Strategies
C.K. Prahalad and Venkatram Ramaswamy (essay: The Co-Creation Connection: "The balance of power in value creation is tipping in favor of consumers. How do companies co-create valuable experiences with consumers? The traditional company-centric view says: (1) the consumer is outside the domain of the value chain; (2) the enterprise controls where, when, and how value is added in the value chain; (3) value is created in a series of activities controlled by the enterprise before the point of pur...
Yochai Benkler, The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom, Cambridge, MA: Yale University Press, 2006.Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology, Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2003.James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds: Why the Many Are Smarter than the Few and How Collective Wisdom Shapes Business, Economies, Societies and Nations, New York: Doubleday, 2004.Eric von Hippel, Democratizing Innovation, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005.The objective of the article is to review the existing literature on design practices and approaches that, during the last decade, have evolved beyond the focus of a single user and are thus defined with terms such as More-Than-Human Centered Design, Eco-systemic Design, Posthuman Design, etc.
"A new study from researchers at McMaster University published in the Journal of Cleaner Production analyzed the carbon impact of the whole Information and Communication Industry (ICT) from around 2010-2020, including PCs, laptops, monitors, smartphones, and servers. They found remarkably bad news.
2010年3月1日 · Description. From Gizmag: "Trexa has revealed details of a lithium-powered, all-wheel vehicle development platform that will enable engineers and developers to create custom "vehicle apps", doing for builders of electric vehicles what the iPhone did for application developers.
Bio. "Recognizable by her signature vivid-pink locks, Fried (or Ladyada, as she is known on the internet) is one of the dominant forces behind the maker movement--a legion of do-it-yourself-minded folks who create cool things by tweaking everyday technology.
