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2024年1月31日 · Immunodiagnostics is a branch of laboratory medicine that uses immunological methods to diagnose diseases, monitor patients’ health, and guide treatment decisions. It relies on the specific binding between antigens (substances that can induce an immune response) and antibodies (proteins produced by the immune system to combat antigens).
2023年7月13日 · We define immunodiagnosis (ID) as systematically, comprehensively, and dynamically evaluating the status of an individual’s immune system, to reflect at different disease stages the systemic and local immune status.
- 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1216901
- 2023
- Front Immunol. 2023; 14: 1216901.
Although molecular methods are replacing many older methods of viral diagnosis, there is still a significant role for immunological methods to guide patient care and in the performance of epidemiologic studies.
- Robert L. Atmar
- 2014 Feb
- 10.1007/978-1-4899-7448-8_3
- An Introduction to Circulating Biomarkers
- Peptides and Antigens
- Nucleic Acid Markers
- Membranous and Cellular Compartments
- Circulating Autoantibodies
- Other Emerging Immune Markers of Sera
A revolutionary progress in cancer diagnostics took place with the development of methods to detect trace amounts of tumor markers in body fluids. Since then, several different technologies were introduced for cancer screening, diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction using minimally invasive liquid biopsies. The notion of circulating markers is based ...
Tumor associated antigens (TAAs) were the pioneers of liquid biopsy targets and are currently established as a part of clinical practice in several tumor types. TAAs encompass a large spectrum of molecules from well-known oncogene products, neoantigens, growth factors, and adhesion molecules to recently discovered immune receptors, chemokines, and ...
Circulating RNAs
RNA particles are an emerging field of research in tumor diagnosis, monitoring, and prediction. Various subtypes of circulating RNAs are being investigated in malignancies, including mRNA, microRNA (miRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), circular RNA (circRNA), etc. The most promising RNA subtypes in cancer diagnosis are miRNA markers. In close relationship with cellular expression profile, circulating miRNAs distinctively change in pathological conditions. miRNAs not only reflect tumor geneti...
Circulating DNA
Cell-free DNA (cfDNA), a subtype of circulating nucleic acid fragments, are released from cells in different pathologic and physiologic conditions. It is demonstrated than quantity and content of circulating cfDNA alters in several types of cancer, proposing it as a potential tumor biomarker. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is a very small fraction cfDNA in blood, which bears cancer-specific mutations. cfDNA itself was originally described in 1948 in peripheral blood of cancer patients (Mandel...
Circulating Exosomes
Exosomes are small carriers of tumor reporters in blood and other body fluids. These extracellular microvesicles are secreted from various cells through exocytosis, and are captured by a recipient cell where they deliver their message or cargo. Exosome surface markers, CD9, CD63, and CD81, mediate their sorting, recruitment, and internalization in the recipient cell. Exosomes carry a variety of molecules including nucleic acid fragments, lipids, glycoproteins, and peptides (Shah et al. 2018)....
Circulating Tumor Cells
A small number of cells escape from a tumor into blood, becoming the extremely trace and heterogenous population of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). Although intravasation of tumor cells occurs vastly during metastasis, subtle numbers of single tumor cells are present in peripheral blood from the earliest stages of disease. These cellular compartments not only aid the early detection of a primary tumor or metastases, but are also suggested to be potential prognostic and predictive markers. CTC...
Tumor Educated Platelets
Tumor educated platelets (TEPs), another cellular component of liquid biopsies, carry tumor characteristics in the form of molecules. In a dynamic relationship with tumor and its microenvironment, platelets are able to sequester RNA biomarkers and signaling proteins, as shown in several tumor types. Evaluating the molecular composition and RNA sequence of circulating TEPs, provide critical information such as the tumor origin, mutation profile, prognosis, or responsiveness to specific therapi...
While direct detection of tumor antigens made a great contribution to cancer diagnosis, there are limitations impeding their widespread deployment: First, TAAs provide poor specificity for malignancy, since they may also be expressed in physiological conditions. Second, antigenic peptides have variably low half-life and concentration in blood, and ...
Immune response to malignancy can aid diagnosis, prediction, and monitoring via several other molecular and cellular compartments in blood. Different components of immune system are demonstrated to potential markers of occurrence, type, and prognosis of cancer. Cytokines, MHC molecules, and other immune-related gene products are attracting interest...
2014年8月21日 · Cancer immunology is the study of interactions between the immune system and cancer cells, which is a rapid growing field of research that aims to identify biomarkers in cancer immunodiagnosis and to develop innovative cancer immunotherapeutic strategies.
- Jianying Zhang, Suxia Han, Bin Zhang, Yi Zhang
- 2014
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2022年11月3日 · Immunodiagnostics techniques are applied in clinical immunology to evaluate the disease state. These tests target disease-specific markers to detect the antigen levels corresponding to disease status. The antigens are uniquely expressed by tissue cells or are shed in body fluids such as blood, serum, and plasma.
2023年7月18日 · Researchers discuss the concept of immunodiagnosis and explores the potential of artificial intelligence in ID systems for precise tumor immunotherapy.
